Legal Core

THOMAS, J., announced the judgment of the Court and delivered the opinion of the Court, except as to Part III. ALITO and GORSUCH, JJ., joined that opinion in full; ROBERTS, C. J., and KAVANAUGH, J., joined all but Part III; and BARRETT, J., joined Parts I, II–A, and II–B. KAVANAUGH, J., filed an opinion concurring in part, in which ROBERTS, C. J., joined. BARRETT, J., filed an opinion concurring in part, in which KAGAN, J., joined, in which SOTOMAYOR, J., joined as to Parts I, II, and III–B, and in which JACKSON, J., joined as to Parts I and II. SOTOMAYOR, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which KAGAN and JACKSON, JJ., joined.  Cite as: 602 U. S. ____ (2024) 1

SOTOMAYOR, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which KAGAN, GORSUCH, KAVANAUGH, and BARRETT, JJ., joined. JACKSON, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. ROBERTS, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion. ALITO, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which ROBERTS, C. J., and THOMAS, J., joined.  Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024) 1

SOTOMAYOR, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which KAGAN, GORSUCH, KAVANAUGH, and BARRETT, JJ., joined. JACKSON, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. ROBERTS, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion. ALITO, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which ROBERTS, C. J., and THOMAS, J., joined.  Cite as: 601 U. S. ____ (2024) 1

United States House of Representatives, 525 U. S. 316, 347–349 (1999) (Scalia, J., concurring in part); Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U. S. 417, 465–469 (1998) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Printz v. United States, 521 U. S. 898, 905–918 (1997); United States v. Gaudin, 515 U. S. 506, 515–519 (1995); McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U. S. 334, 375–378, and nn. 1–2 (1995) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U. S. 211, 223–225 (1995); Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet, 512 U. S. 687, 732, 744 (1994) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Herrera v. Collins, 506 U. S. 390, 427–428 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring); Richmond v. Lewis, 506 U. S. 40, 54 (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U. S. 957, 979–985 (1991) (opinion of Scalia, J.); Rutan v. Republican Party of Ill., 497 U. S. 62, 95–97 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting); McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U. S. 433, 466, 471 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Holland v. Illinois, 493 U. S. 474, 481–482, and n. 1 (1990). Cite as: 602 U. S. ____ (2024) 15

United States House of Representatives, 525 U. S. 316, 347–349 (1999) (Scalia, J., concurring in part); Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U. S. 417, 465–469 (1998) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Printz v. United States, 521 U. S. 898, 905–918 (1997); United States v. Gaudin, 515 U. S. 506, 515–519 (1995); McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm’n, 514 U. S. 334, 375–378, and nn. 1–2 (1995) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U. S. 211, 223–225 (1995); Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet, 512 U. S. 687, 732, 744 (1994) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Herrera v. Collins, 506 U. S. 390, 427–428 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring); Richmond v. Lewis, 506 U. S. 40, 54 (1992) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U. S. 957, 979–985 (1991) (opinion of Scalia, J.); Rutan v. Republican Party of Ill., 497 U. S. 62, 95–97 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting); McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U. S. 433, 466, 471 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Holland v. Illinois, 493 U. S. 474, 481–482, and n. 1 (1990). Cite as: 602 U. S. ____ (2024) 15